Which type of opinion disagrees with both the result and the reasoning of the majority?

• A. Memorandum opinion
• B. Dissenting opinion
• C. Concurring opinion
• D. Out-Card

Answer: (B)

Disagreement with both the result and the reasoning is shown in a dissenting opinion. A dissenting opinion is written by judge(s) who disagree with the majority’s ruling and critique the reasons behind that ruling, offering an alternative interpretation or path the court could have followed. This type of opinion stands apart from the majority by presenting a different conclusion and arguing why the majority’s legal reasoning is flawed.

Memorandum opinions typically announce the decision with limited or non-precedential reasoning and don’t usually challenge the majority’s rationale, so they don’t fit the idea of disagreeing with both outcome and reasoning. A concurring opinion, on the other hand, agrees with the final result but provides separate reasoning or emphasis, so it doesn’t oppose the outcome. Out-Card isn’t a recognized type of judicial opinion.